BAHASA INGGRIS SEMESTER 2

BAHASA INGGRIS SEMESTER 2

GEROUND

Meanings of the term gerund as used in relation to various languages are listed below.

• As applied to English, it refers to the use of a verb (in its -ing form) as a noun (for example, the verb "learning" in the sentence "Learning is an easy process for some").^[1]
• As applied to French, it refers either to the adverbial participle—also called the gerundive—or to the present adjectival participle.
• As applied to Latin, its form is based on the participle ending, similarly to English. The –ns ending is replaced with -ndus, and the preceding ā or ē is shortened. However, the gerund is only ever seen in the accusative form ("ndum"), genitive form ("ndi"), dative form ("ndo") or ablative form ("ndo") (see Latin conjugation.) If the gerund is needed in the nominative form, the present infinitive is used instead.
• As applied to Macedonian, it refers to the verb noun formed by adding the suffix -ње (-nje) to the verb form, like in јаде (jade, he eats) — јадење (jadenje, eating).
• As applied to Japanese, it designates verb and verbals adjective forms in dictionary form paired with the referral particle no, which turns the verbal into a concept or property noun, or also can refer to the -te form of a verb.
• As applied to Portuguese, it refers to an adverbial participle (a verbal adverb), called gerúndio.
• As applied to Romanian, it refers to an adverbial participle (a verbal adverb), called the gerunziu, formed by appending -ând or -ind, to the verb stem, like in cântând/fugind".
• As applied to Spanish, it refers to an adverbial participle (a verbal adverb), called in Spanish the gerundio.
• As applied to Turkish, it refers to the Turkish verbal nouns formed by appending -ma or -me, depending on vowel harmony, to the verb stem, like in "Sana sormamın bir mahsuru var mı?" ("Do you mind my asking you?" - not to confuse with the negational -ma postfix.) The Turkish gerund is rather similar in meaning and use to the English gerund.
• As applied to Arabic, it refers to the verb's action noun, known as the masdar form (Arabic: المصدر). This form ends in a tanwin and is generally the equivalent of the -ing ending in English.
• As applied to Hebrew, it refers either to the verb's action noun, or to the part of the infinitive following the infinitival prefix (also called theinfinitival construct).
• As applied to West Frisian, it refers to one of two verb forms frequently referred to as infinitives, this one ending in -n. It shows up innominalizations and is selected by perception verbs.

In other languages, it may refer to almost any non-finite verb form; however, it most often refers to an action noun, by analogy with its use as applied to English or Latin.

sumber:Meanings of the term gerund as used in relation to various languages are listed below.

• As applied to English, it refers to the use of a verb (in its -ing form) as a noun (for example, the verb "learning" in the sentence "Learning is an easy process for some").^[1]
• As applied to French, it refers either to the adverbial participle—also called the gerundive—or to the present adjectival participle.
• As applied to Latin, its form is based on the participle ending, similarly to English. The –ns ending is replaced with -ndus, and the preceding ā or ē is shortened. However, the gerund is only ever seen in the accusative form ("ndum"), genitive form ("ndi"), dative form ("ndo") or ablative form ("ndo") (see Latin conjugation.) If the gerund is needed in the nominative form, the present infinitive is used instead.
• As applied to Macedonian, it refers to the verb noun formed by adding the suffix -ње (-nje) to the verb form, like in јаде (jade, he eats) — јадење (jadenje, eating).
• As applied to Japanese, it designates verb and verbals adjective forms in dictionary form paired with the referral particle no, which turns the verbal into a concept or property noun, or also can refer to the -te form of a verb.
• As applied to Portuguese, it refers to an adverbial participle (a verbal adverb), called gerúndio.
• As applied to Romanian, it refers to an adverbial participle (a verbal adverb), called the gerunziu, formed by appending -ând or -ind, to the verb stem, like in cântând/fugind".
• As applied to Spanish, it refers to an adverbial participle (a verbal adverb), called in Spanish the gerundio.
• As applied to Turkish, it refers to the Turkish verbal nouns formed by appending -ma or -me, depending on vowel harmony, to the verb stem, like in "Sana sormamın bir mahsuru var mı?" ("Do you mind my asking you?" - not to confuse with the negational -ma postfix.) The Turkish gerund is rather similar in meaning and use to the English gerund.
• As applied to Arabic, it refers to the verb's action noun, known as the masdar form (Arabic: المصدر). This form ends in a tanwin and is generally the equivalent of the -ing ending in English.
• As applied to Hebrew, it refers either to the verb's action noun, or to the part of the infinitive following the infinitival prefix (also called theinfinitival construct).
• As applied to West Frisian, it refers to one of two verb forms frequently referred to as infinitives, this one ending in -n. It shows up innominalizations and is selected by perception verbs.

In other languages, it may refer to almost any non-finite verb form; however, it most often refers to an action noun, by analogy with its use as applied to English or Latin.